Analysis
Zahhak's transformation into a serpent monster is more than a mere physical alteration; he is a manifestation of the dark forces that poison the entire world with evil. The article emphasizes that, according to Zoroastrian beliefs, both serpents and dragons fall under the category of "noxious creatures"26 that originate from Ahriman, the devil spirit and are considered demonic. In addition to the serpents on Zahhak, Ahriman’s influence on Zahhak gains depth through the symbolism of Zahhak’s throne which was designed in the shape of a "dragon's head”27. The motif of noxious creatures asserts that Zahhak is the vector “of pollution, impurity and calamity that continually strives to expand the world of evil”28. In this context, it is clear that the term 'monster' extends beyond its physical abnormality because it delves into the spiritual realm of evil and malevolence and brands the serpent monster, Zahhak as the descendent of Ahriman. Thus, this effectively presents Zahhak's connection to evil which ultimately leads to widespread destruction.
In addition, Zoroastrian beliefs also present demons as spiritual entities that materialize in acts of destruction. The narrative suggests that Zahhak's descent into darkness not only corrupts him but also serves as a catalyst, providing an avenue for the destructive influence of demons to permeate and wreak havoc in the physical realm. During his reign that lasted “a thousand years”29, he dominated the entire world and as a result, “the devils achieved their heart’s desire”30 and “evil flourished”31 and “demons rejoiced in their wickedness”32. This portrayal not only reinforces Zahhak's descent into darkness but also underscores the depth of his connection to the devilish realm. Therefore, the narrative establishes a profound link between Zahhak, the serpents, and the overarching theme of demonic influence in the unfolding tale of destruction.
The convergence of Zoroastrian and Islamic perspectives on demons presents a nuanced understanding of the serpents on Zahhak's shoulders. In addition to the Zoroastrian interpretation of demons as a living instance of material destruction, we also witness the Islamic notion that demons carry the subtle force of temptation towards calamity. This is encapsulated in the serpents' ability to unleash widespread destruction by consuming human brains, contributing to the depletion of the human population and supporting the Zoroastrian belief that demons are forces of "physical destruction”33. Additionally, they serve as agents, whispering malevolent actions into Zahhak's heart in order to preserve his power, thus supporting the Islamic belief that demons are forces “of temptation”34. This duality in symbolism reinforces the narrative's exploration of the multifaceted consequences of succumbing to dark, demonic forces, resulting in both physical and moral destruction.