Works Cited

Map Layer: UC Berkeley University, & Holdford, T. (2021). The Travels of Ibn Battuta. https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta

Other Resources: 

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Dunn, R. E. (2012). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century. University of California Press.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Ivory carving. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/ivory-carving.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Kaaba. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kaaba-shrine-Mecca-Saudi-Arabia.

Freamon, B. K. (2019). The “Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon”—Slave Sultans, Soldiers, Eunuchs, and Concubines. Possessed by the Right Hand, 219–244. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004398795_006

Gordon, M. S. (2002). Islam origins, practices, holy texts, sacred persons & sacred places. Oxford University Press.

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Saar, M., & Palang, H. (2009). The Dimensions of Place Meanings. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 3. https://doi.org/10.12942/lrlr-2009-3

UC Berkeley University, & Holdford, T. (2021). The Travels of Ibn Battuta. https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta.