Literary Monster
Marie de France's "Bisclavret," a medieval Breton lai, offers a unique perspective on the werewolf legend, portraying the creature with a depth and humanity that contrasts with its typically monstrous depiction. In this narrative, the werewolf is not an embodiment of pure savagery but retains a sense of dignity and moral integrity, even in its transformed state.
Edith Joyce Benkov, in her 1988 essay "The Naked Beast: Clothing and Humanity in 'Bisclavret,'" highlights this distinction. Marie de France begins the lai with traditional notions of the werewolf as a fearsome creature: “A werewolf is a savage beast; in his blood-rage, he makes a feast of men, devours them, does great harms, and in vast forests lives and roams.” However, "she makes Biscarvlerat an unfortunate man who could not control his nature." but she subverts these expectations by portraying Bisclavret, the werewolf, as a tragic figure trapped by his nature, rather than a mindless beast.”
Bisclavret, a nobleman in the story, reveals to his wife that he transforms into a werewolf for three days each week. Remarkably, this transformation does not strip him of his noble character or his moral compass. His actions, even as a werewolf, are marked by rationality and a sense of justice. This is evident in his interactions with others, especially the king, to whom he shows humility and loyalty. For instance, when cornered by huntsmen and dogs, Bisclavret appeals to the king for mercy, an act that underscores his retained humanity and intelligence:
“The huntsman and the coursing dogs, Till they had him--almost--at bay
And they would have torn him to rags, But then he picked out the King
And ran there for mercy. To beg,
He seizes the King's stirrup-ring,
And kisses his foot and leg.
The King sees this, and feels great fear; He calls all his companions over.”
Dr. Amanda Hopkins reinforces this interpretation, noting that when Bisclavret does resort to violence, it is a calculated response to injustice, as seen in his attack on his wife, symbolizing his anger and betrayal.
The narrative challenges the more negative stereotypes of werewolves that proliferated in later medieval and post-medieval folklore. "Bisclavret" presents the werewolf as a multifaceted character, embodying both human emotion and reason. This portrayal reflects the medieval fascination with the dual nature of humanity and the idea that one's essential humanity can be maintained despite physical and metaphysical changes. The story delves into themes of identity, transformation, and the interplay between civilization and the wild, offering a nuanced exploration of these complex ideas.